Seeking a breakthrough
A visual guide to Ukraine’s counteroffensive
Ukraine’s counteroffensive has been underway for months, but the country’s hopes of a rapid and decisive breakthrough have long faded.
Kyiv launched the campaign aiming to recapture Russian-seized territory, especially in the south. But while there is a renewed sense of optimism, gains have been marginal and won at great cost. As Ukrainian forces probe for vulnerabilities in Russian defences, Moscow too is seeking to make gains, and has been trying to advance toward the city of Kupiansk, a city it seized early on in the war before losing it a year ago.
While it is impossible to get an exact, real-time picture of the situation on the ground, CNN has been taking a look at the key battles of the latest phase of the war.
The conflict so far
While Ukraine has struggled in its counteroffensive, it is important to remember the war is nowhere near where Russia’s President Vladimir Putin wanted it to be either.
When Russia launched its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, it hoped to sweep across the country and topple the government in a matter of days. Those goals floundered due to a combination of Russian hubris and stronger than expected Ukrainian resistance. After seeing Putin quickly withdraw his forces from around Kyiv and elsewhere in northern Ukraine, the rest of the year saw significant victories for Ukraine in the Kharkiv region to the east and the Kherson region to the south.
This year has been different, with troops from both sides bogged down in a slow-moving conflict with no clear end in sight. The current fighting is focused on Ukraine’s south and east, with Ukrainian forces struggling to break through defensive lines Russia had months to prepare. Success means capturing a village rather than an entire city.
Areas held by Russian forces during part of 2022
Areas still held by Russian forces as of June 1, 2023
At the beginning of the invasion, Russia took control of large areas of the north.
Kyiv
UKRAINE
Controlled by
Russian-installed
separatists
since 2014
CRIMEA
Annexed
by Russia
in 2014
At the beginning of the invasion, Russia took control of large areas of the north.
Areas held by
Russian forces
during part of 2022
Kyiv
UKRAINE
Areas still held by
Russian forces
as of June 1, 2023
Controlled by
Russian-installed
separatists
since 2014
CRIMEA
Annexed
by Russia
in 2014
At the beginning of the invasion, Russia took control of large areas of the north.
Areas held by
Russian forces
during part of 2022
Kyiv
UKRAINE
Areas still held by
Russian forces
as of June 1, 2023
Controlled by
Russian-installed
separatists
since 2014
CRIMEA
Annexed
by Russia
in 2014
The southern front
In the southern region of Zaporizhzhia, modest Ukrainian gains in rural areas have been hampered by Russian defenses. Moscow’s troops have fortified the land with minefields, anti-tank ditches, traps and trenches.
The area is a major target for Ukraine - pushing deep into the territory along two main lines of counterattack would bring the chance of breaking Russia’s land-bridge between annexed Crimea and eastern Donetsk, under Moscow’s control since 2014.
Ukrainian troops in late August secured the village of Robotyne, a step that brings them closer to being able to use artillery against the strategic hub of Tokmak. But there is a long way to go.
Russian presence
Claimed Russian control
Ukrainian counteroffensives
Russian presence
Claimed Russian control
Ukrainian counteroffensives
25 miles
25 km
Velyka Novosilka
Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia
Nuclear Power
Plant
Orikhiv
Dnipro
River
Ukraine’s goal on the Orikhiv front is to reach Melitopol. Russia is trying to tire out the Ukrainian forces.
Tokmak
Mariupol
Melitopol
Berdiansk
Russian
fortification
Ukraine’s goal on the Velkya Novosilka front is to reach Berdiansk. Movement has been slow on this front, but several villages have been reclaimed.
Sea of Azov
25 miles
25 km
Donetsk
Velyka Novosilka
Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia
Nuclear Power
Plant
Orikhiv
Dnipro River
Ukraine’s goal on the Velkya Novosilka front is to reach Berdiansk. Movement has been slow on this front, but several villages have been reclaimed.
Ukraine’s goal on the Orikhiv front is to reach Melitopol. Russia is trying to tire out the Ukrainian forces.
Tokmak
Mariupol
Melitopol
Berdiansk
Russian
fortification
Sea of Azov
25 miles
25 km
Donetsk
Velyka Novosilka
Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia
Nuclear Power
Plant
Orikhiv
Dnipro River
Russian
fortification
RUSSIA
Ukraine’s goal on the Velkya Novosilka front is to reach Berdiansk. Movement has been slow on this front, but several villages have been reclaimed.
Ukraine’s goal on the Orikhiv front is to reach Melitopol. Russia is trying to tire out the Ukrainian forces.
Tokmak
Mariupol
Melitopol
Berdiansk
Sea of Azov
Data as of Sept. 6, 2023 at 3 p.m. ET
Ukraine has been able to retake some ground near the frontline town of Velyka Novosilka. In June, in the second week of the counteroffensive it liberated a handful of villages: Neskuchne, Blahodatne and Makarivka. More recently, it recaptured a couple more, Staromaiorske and Urozhaine, but progress has been hard. Russian forces have launched a number of counterattacks.
Velyka Novosilka bears the scars of a year and a half of shelling. Struggling to combat Russian air strikes on the town, Kyiv has called on its Western backers to provide F-16 fighter jets and other air support.
10 miles
10 kilometers
120km (75 miles) to Bakhmut
Ukrainian troops have been able to use the Mokri Yaly River to their advantage by using it to flank enemy positions. This has resulted in several villages being reclaimed, most recently Staromaiorske and Urozhaine.
Velyka Novosilka has been without water, electricity or gas for a year and a half.
Velyka Novosilka
Approximate
Ukrainian direction
Staromaiorske
Urozhaine
Staromlynivka
There are fewer fortifications in this area to slow an advance, but Russia has been heavily utilizing air strikes in this area to hold back the counteroffensive.
70km (43 miles) to Berdiansk
10 miles
10 kilometers
120km (75 miles) to Bakhmut
Velyka Novosilka has been without water, electricity or gas for a year and a half.
Ukrainian troops have been able to use the Mokri Yaly River to their advantage by using it to flank enemy positions. This has resulted in several villages being reclaimed, most recently Staromaiorske and Urozhaine.
Velyka Novosilka
Approximate Ukrainian direction
Staromaiorske
Urozhaine
Staromlynivka
There are fewer fortifications in this area to slow an advance, but Russia has been heavily utilizing air strikes in this area to hold back the counteroffensive.
Zachativka
70km (43 miles) to Berdiansk
10 miles
10 kilometers
120km (75 miles) to Bakhmut
Velyka Novosilka has been without water, electricity or gas for a year and a half.
Ukrainian troops have been able to use the Mokri Yaly River to their advantage by using it to flank enemy positions. This has resulted in several villages being reclaimed, most recently Staromaiorske and Urozhaine.
Velyka Novosilke
Approximate Ukrainian direction
Staromaiorske
Urozhaine
Staromlynivka
There are fewer fortifications in this area to slow an advance, but Russia has been heavily utilizing air strikes in this area to hold back the counteroffensive.
Zachativka
70km (43 miles) to Berdiansk
10 miles
10 kilometers
120km (75 miles) to Bakhmut
Velyka Novosilka has been without water, electricity or gas for a year and a half.
Ukrainian troops have been able to use the Mokri Yaly River to their advantage by using it to flank enemy positions. This has resulted in several villages being reclaimed, most recently Staromaiorske and Urozhaine.
Velyka Novosilka
Approximate Ukrainian direction
Vuhledar
Staromaiorske
Urozhaine
Staromlynivka
There are fewer fortifications in this area to slow an advance, but Russia has been heavily utilizing air strikes in this area to hold back the counteroffensive.
Zachativka
70km (43 miles) to Berdiansk
The town of Orikhiv has found itself caught in the firing line. While remaining under Ukrainian control, it is being pummeled by Russian air strikes with half-ton bombs landing frequently — sometimes 20 in as many minutes.
Located 60 kilometers southeast of Zaporizhzhia, Orikhiv has been wedged between Kyiv’s troops pushing south and Russian forces attempting to hold their position.
10 miles
10 kilometers
110km (68 miles) to Velyka Novosilka
Villages along the front line are being bombarded with airstrikes, with around 80-90 strikes a day.
Orikhiv
Approximate
Ukrainian direction
Approximate
Russian direction
The area south of Orikhiv is heavily defended, with some Ukrainian forces having to clear up to three mines per square meter.
Robotyne
Ukrainian troops said recently they had secured Robotyne after breaking through the first line of Russian defences.
Tokmak
Rail connects this area with Crimea, a key reason why the area is important to Russia.
Ukrainian forces target Tokmak regularly with missile strikes as it is an important hub for Russian defenses.
25km (15 miles) to Melitopol
10 miles
10 kilometers
110km (68 miles) to Velyka Novosilka
Villages along the front line are being bombarded with airstrikes, with around 80-90 strikes a day.
Orikhiv
Approximate Ukrainian direction
Approximate
Russian direction
The area south of Orikhiv is heavily defended, with some Ukrainian forces having to clear up to three mines per square meter.
Robotyne
Ukrainian troops said recently they had secured Robotyne after breaking through the first line of Russian defences.
Rail connects this region with Crimea, a key reason why the area is important to Russia.
Tokmak
Ukrainian forces target Tokmak regularly with missile strikes as it is an important hub for Russian defenses.
25km (15 miles) to Melitopol
10 miles
10 kilometers
110km (68 miles) to Velyka Novosilka
Villages along the front line are being bombarded with airstrikes, with around 80-90 strikes a day.
Orikhiv
Approximate Ukrainian direction
Approximate
Russian direction
The area south of Orikhiv is heavily defended, with some Ukrainian forces having to clear up to three mines per square meter.
Vasylivka
Robotyne
Ukrainian troops said recently they had secured Robotyne after breaking through the first line of Russian defences.
Mykhailivka
Tokmak
Rail connects this area with Crimea, a key reason why the area is important to Russia.
Ukrainian forces target Tokmak regularly with missile strikes as it is an important hub for Russian defenses.
25km (15 miles) to Melitopol
10 miles
10 kilometers
110km (68 miles) to Velyka Novosilka
Villages along the front line are being bombarded with airstrikes, with around 80-90 strikes a day.
Orikhiv
Approximate
Russian direction
Approximate Ukrainian direction
The area south of Orikhiv is heavily defended, with some Ukrainian forces having to clear up to three mines per square meter.
Vasylivka
Robotyne
Ukrainian troops said recently they had secured Robotyne after breaking through the first line of Russian defences.
Russia’s aim here is to hold their position and try to slow the Ukrainian advance by continuing heavy long range strikes on the counteroffensive.
Mykhailivka
Tokmak
Rail connections with Crimea are a key reason why the area is important to Russia.
Ukrainian forces target Tokmak regularly with missile strikes as it is an important hub for Russian defenses.
25km (15 miles) to Melitopol
Kupiansk
Ukraine has been trying to hold Kupiansk in the Kharkiv region. The city fell in the early days of the conflict, then was liberated last September as part of a lightning Ukrainian offensive, but now Russia is trying to capture it a second time.
In August, Ukraine ordered the evacuation of the city and the surrounding area, the largest such evacuation in months and a sign of the severity of the situation, although many civilians are choosing to stay put.
For Ukrainian troops, Kupiansk is strategically significant to prevent Russia from gaining access to the nearby Oskil River — where it is much easier to cross than further south.
5 miles
5 km
RUSSIA
The Ukrainian rail networks provide an easy way for Russia to transport troops and supplies to the frontline.
The city of Kupiansk provides an easy place to cross the Oskil River, which would also serve as a possible demarcation point for Russia to claim in any future peace agreements.
Russian defensive fortifications
Kupiansk
Svatove
The wider river here is harder to cross, providing more natural defenses.
Lyman
Lysychansk
Kramatorsk
10 miles
RUSSIA
10 kilometers
Long lines of defensive fortifications in Russian-occupied areas make advancing difficult.
The city of Kupiansk provides an easy place to cross the Oskil River, which would also serve as a possible demarcation point for Russia to claim in any possible peace agreements.
Kupiansk
The wider river here is harder to cross, providing more natural defenses.
The Ukrainian rail networks provide an easy way for Russia to transport troops and supplies to the frontlines further south.
Svatove
Lyman
Lysychansk
Kramatorsk
10 miles
RUSSIA
10 kilometers
The city of Kupiansk provides an easy place to cross the Oskil River, which would also serve as a possible demarcation point for Russia to claim in any possible peace agreements.
Long lines of defensive fortifications in Russian-occupied areas make advancing difficult.
Kupiansk
The wider river here is harder to cross, providing more natural defenses.
The Ukrainian rail networks provide an easy way for Russia to transport troops and supplies to the frontlines further south.
Svatove
Izium
Lyman
Lysychansk
Kramatorsk
Special Article (930px)
10 miles
RUSSIA
10 kilometers
The city of Kupiansk provides an easy place to cross the Oskil River, which would also serve as a possible demarcation point for Russia to claim in any possible peace agreements.
Long lines of defensive fortifications in Russian-occupied areas make advancing difficult.
Kupiansk
The wider river here is harder to cross, providing more natural defenses.
The Ukrainian rail networks provide an easy way for Russia to transport troops and supplies to the frontlines further south.
Svatove
Izium
Lyman
Lysychansk
Kramatorsk
The eastern front
For now, the eastern city of Bakhmut is under Russian control following a grinding, nine-month battle, while Ukraine continues to hold some areas in the southwestern outskirts of the city.
Ukraine says the battle is not over, however, and continues to contest the city. In doing so, they are forcing Russia to bring in more troops to the area, pulling them away from other fronts.
5 miles
5 kilometers
35km (22 miles) to Lyman
Bakhmut has seen intense conflict since the invasion. Ukraine is now forcing Russia to send troops to defend Bakhmut, pulling forces away from other fronts such as Lysychansk and Lyman.
Soledar
Krasna Hora
Chasiv Yar
Bakhmut
If Ukraine make gains in this area, the higher ground in this area will provide an advantage, with the ability to fire long range artillery at Bakhmut and disrupt Russian resupply.
One of Ukraine’s key goals at Bakhmut is to gain control of the railways so they can resupply in the area after repairing it.
5 miles
5 kilometers
35km (22 miles) to Lyman
Soledar
Bakhmut has seen intense conflict since the invasion. Ukraine is now forcing Russia to send troops to defend Bakhmut, pulling forces away from other fronts such as Lysychansk and Lyman.
Krasna Hora
Chasiv Yar
Bakhmut
Ivanivske
If Ukraine make gains in this area, the higher ground in this area will provide an advantage, with the ability to fire long range artillery at Bakhmut and disrupt Russian resupply.
One of Ukraine’s key goals at Bakhmut is to gain control of the railways so they can resupply in the area after repairing it.
5 miles
5 kilometers
35km (22 miles) to Lyman
Soledar
Bakhmut has seen intense conflict since the invasion. Ukraine is now forcing Russia to send troops to defend Bakhmut, pulling forces away from other fronts such as Lysychansk and Lyman.
Krasna Hora
Chasiv Yar
Bakhmut
Ivanivske
If Ukraine make gains in this area, the higher ground in this area will provide an advantage, with the ability to fire long range artillery at Bakhmut and disrupt Russian resupply.
Kostiantynivka
Luhanske
One of Ukraine’s key goals at Bakhmut is to gain control of the railways so they can resupply in the area after repairing it.
5 miles
5 kilometers
35km (22 miles) to Lyman
Soledar
Bakhmut has seen intense conflict since the invasion. Ukraine is now forcing Russia to send troops to defend Bakhmut, pulling forces away from other fronts such as Lysychansk and Lyman.
Krasna Hora
Chasiv Yar
Bakhmut
Ivanivske
If Ukraine make gains in this area, the higher ground in this area will provide an advantage, with the ability to fire long range artillery at Bakhmut and disrupt Russian resupply.
Kostiantynivka
Luhanske
One of Ukraine’s key goals at Bakhmut is to gain control of the railways so they can resupply in the area after repairing it.
Much of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions have been held by Russian-backed separatists for more than nine years. They are two of four Ukrainian regions that Moscow declared it had annexed last September, in violation of international law.
The town of Avdiivka in Donetsk Oblast, which remains under Ukrainian control, has found itself on the frontline of the heavy fighting. The town has been largely destroyed and most of its population has fled.
10 miles
10 kilometers
32km (20 miles) to Bakhmut
Russian troops are attempting advance around Avdiivka, a town largely destroyed by fighting, as going through it would be too difficult.
Selydove
Avdiivka
The frontlines around the city of Donetsk are largely the same as they have been since it was taken by Russian-installed separatists in 2014.
Donetsk
Kurakhove
Mariinka
Russia’s goal here is to wear out Ukraine. Keeping troops here will keep them from other areas along the frontline.
Mariinka is another town on the outskirts of Donetsk which is heavily damaged but fighting still continues in the area.
10 miles
10 kilometers
32km (20 miles) to Bakhmut
Russian troops are attempting to advance around Avdiivka, a town largely destroyed by fighting, as going through it would be too difficult.
Selydove
Avdiivka
SPECIAL ARTICLE TEMPLATE AI2HTML (see text to left of artboards)
The frontlines in this area are largely the same as they have been since it was taken by Russian-installed sepratists in 2014.
Makiivka
Desktop Article (780px)
Donetsk
Kurakhove
Mariinka
Mariinka is another town on the outskirts of Donetsk which is heavily damaged but fighting still continues in the area.
Russia’s goal here is to wear out Ukraine. Keeping troops here will keep them from other areas along the frontline.
10 miles
10 kilometers
32km (20 miles) to Bakhmut
Russian troops are attempting advance around Avdiivka, a town largely destroyed by fighting, as going through it would be too difficult.
Selydove
Avdiivka
The frontlines around the city of Donetsk are largely the same as they have been since it was taken by Russian-installed separatists in 2014.
Makiivka
Donetsk
Kurakhove
Mariinka
Mariinka is another town on the outskirts of Donetsk which is heavily damaged but fighting still continues in the area.
Russia’s goal here is to wear out Ukraine. Keeping troops here will keep them from other areas along the frontline.
Full-width Article (1100px)
10 miles
10 kilometers
32km (20 miles) to Bakhmut
Russian troops are attempting to advance around Avdiivka, a town largely destroyed by fighting, as going through it would be too difficult.
Selydove
Avdiivka
The frontlines around the city of Donetsk are largely the same as they have been since it was taken by Russian-installed separatists in 2014.
Makiivka
Donetsk
Kurakhove
Mariinka
Mariinka is another town on the outskirts of Donetsk which is heavily damaged but fighting still continues in the area.
Russia’s goal here is to wear out Ukraine. Keeping troops here will keep them from other areas along the frontline.
The months to come
The clock is ticking for Ukraine, with the fall bringing worsening weather and even more challenging fighting conditions.
For political as well as strategic reasons, pressure is mounting on Ukraine to achieve a breakthrough. Kyiv will want as strong a hand as possible should peace negotiations ever happen or if the so-far solid support it enjoys among the West start to fray.
While Russia has been pushed back since launching its invasion, it still has some advantages. The Russian army is significantly bigger than Ukraine’s, and with Putin isolated by the conflict he does not have to worry that a long, grinding conflict will lose him allies. Russia may be able to cope with attritional fighting better than Ukraine.
Whatever the outcome of the counteroffensive, it could be pivotal for how the war ends.
Sources: The Institute for the Study of War with AEI’s Critical Threats Project, Brady Africk, OpenStreetMap.
Notes: “Russian presence” means the Institute for the Study of War has received reliable and independently verifiable information to demonstrate Russian control or advances in those areas, or where Russian forces have operated in or launched attacks, but they do not control them. “Claimed Russian control” areas are where sources have said control or counteroffensives are occurring, but ISW cannot corroborate nor demonstrate them to be false.
