The Beluga, which took its maiden flight on September 13, 1994, has been transporting Airbus component parts between the company's European manufacturing sites for the last 20 years.
Happy birthday, Beluga —
The Beluga, which took its maiden flight on September 13, 1994, has been transporting Airbus component parts between the company's European manufacturing sites for the last 20 years.
Airbus
Designing the Beluga wasn't easy. The top section of an Airbus A300-600 was cut off. A wider fuselage section was added, giving the plane its characteristic hump. The cockpit was lowered, allowing cargo to be loaded through the front of the aircraft.
Frankenstein of cargo planes —
Designing the Beluga wasn't easy. The top section of an Airbus A300-600 was cut off. A wider fuselage section was added, giving the plane its characteristic hump. The cockpit was lowered, allowing cargo to be loaded through the front of the aircraft.
Miquel Ros/CNN
With a diameter of 7.1 meters, the Beluga has an incredibly large cargo hold. Though its maximum payload of 47 tons is surpassed by only a handful of cargo aircraft, the hold makes it good for oversized cargo, such as this A350 XWB tailplane.
Built for volume, not weight. —
With a diameter of 7.1 meters, the Beluga has an incredibly large cargo hold. Though its maximum payload of 47 tons is surpassed by only a handful of cargo aircraft, the hold makes it good for oversized cargo, such as this A350 XWB tailplane.
Airbus
Airbus operates five Beluga cargo planes, which together perform more than 60 flights each week.
Fleet of five —
Airbus operates five Beluga cargo planes, which together perform more than 60 flights each week.
Airbus
The Beluga has brought many a plane spotter to Toulouse, France. Visitors can often be found sitting on the grass near Toulouse Blagnac Airport waiting for one of the five big beauties to take off or land.
Plane spotter's dream —
The Beluga has brought many a plane spotter to Toulouse, France. Visitors can often be found sitting on the grass near Toulouse Blagnac Airport waiting for one of the five big beauties to take off or land.
Miquel Ros/CNN
The Beluga has special stabilizer fins, found near the plane's tail.
Special wings —
The Beluga has special stabilizer fins, found near the plane's tail.
The Beluga isn't serially produced, making each an "artisan" product. The A300-600ST Super Transporter can carry a payload of 47 metric tons (103,616 pounds) over a range of 1,500 nautical miles.
The Beluga takes off —
The Beluga isn't serially produced, making each an "artisan" product. The A300-600ST Super Transporter can carry a payload of 47 metric tons (103,616 pounds) over a range of 1,500 nautical miles.
Airbus
The A300-600ST Super Transporter is operated by a crew of three: two pilots and a loadmaster.
Cockpit —
The A300-600ST Super Transporter is operated by a crew of three: two pilots and a loadmaster.
Miquel Ros/CNN
It's easy to see how the Beluga got its nickname.
Flying white whale —
It's easy to see how the Beluga got its nickname.
Miquel Ros/CNN
Seriously, the resemblance is uncanny.
The real thing —
Seriously, the resemblance is uncanny.
Koichi Kamoshida/Getty Images
Only the cockpit is pressurized, not the cargo hold. A heating module provides a suitable environment for spacecraft and other cargo that requires temperature-controlled conditions.
Inside the Beluga —
Only the cockpit is pressurized, not the cargo hold. A heating module provides a suitable environment for spacecraft and other cargo that requires temperature-controlled conditions.
Miquel Ros/CNN
The Beluga's jet speed and efficiency allows "for short transport times to meet strict production schedules," says Airbus. "A semi-automated main deck cargo loading system ensures easy and efficient handling of aircraft components."
A300-600ST Super Transporter —
The Beluga's jet speed and efficiency allows "for short transport times to meet strict production schedules," says Airbus. "A semi-automated main deck cargo loading system ensures easy and efficient handling of aircraft components."
Courtesy Airbus
Signage at Airbus headquarters in Toulouse shows how the Beluga was built.
Sum of many parts —
Signage at Airbus headquarters in Toulouse shows how the Beluga was built.
Miquel Ros/CNN
A Beluga can carry the wings of an A340 airliner or fuselage for Airbus' wide-body <a href="index.php?page=&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Ftags%2Fa350">A350</a>. It's not large enough to transport all parts for the A380 super jumbo. Those travel by boat, barge and road.
Aerial view —
A Beluga can carry the wings of an A340 airliner or fuselage for Airbus' wide-body A350. It's not large enough to transport all parts for the A380 super jumbo. Those travel by boat, barge and road.
Courtesy Airbus
Belugas can be chartered by third parties. In 2006, a container holding a five-meter-high granite statue of a Ptolemaic Pharaoh was flown from Berlin to Paris.
Transporting ancient art —
Belugas can be chartered by third parties. In 2006, a container holding a five-meter-high granite statue of a Ptolemaic Pharaoh was flown from Berlin to Paris.
JOHN MACDOUGALL/AFP/Getty Images
Airbus is looking at a potential replacement for the aging A300-600ST Super Transporter. Though no final decisions have been announced, the "Beluga XL" is expected to have a longer range and ability to carry heavier payloads.
Beluga's future —
Airbus is looking at a potential replacement for the aging A300-600ST Super Transporter. Though no final decisions have been announced, the "Beluga XL" is expected to have a longer range and ability to carry heavier payloads.
Courtey Airbus
Airbus' Beluga transporter aircraft took part in a formation flight with the French Air Force's "Patrouille de France" aerobatic demonstration team in May 2014.
Formation flight —
Airbus' Beluga transporter aircraft took part in a formation flight with the French Air Force's "Patrouille de France" aerobatic demonstration team in May 2014.
Airbus
Airbus' Beluga: The world's strangest-looking airplane turns 20

Story highlights

The Airbus A300-600ST -- better known as the Beluga -- took its maiden flight on September 13, 1994

The Beluga was designed to end Airbus' reliance on the Boeing Super Guppy

Airbus' five Belugas are made to transport huge items, such as aircraft wings

Airbus may be looking at a potential "Beluga XL" replacement

CNN  — 

The world’s strangest looking airplane is celebrating the 20th anniversary of its first flight this month.

Popularly known as the “Beluga,” because of its resemblance to the white Arctic whale, the Airbus A300-600ST (ST stands for Super Transporter) is unique not only in appearance, but also for the essential role it performs in European aviation.

Today, more than 60 flights are performed each week between 11 sites, carrying parts for all of the Airbus programs.

So what’s so special about this odd-looking aircraft?

Here’s an in-depth look at the A300-600ST.

From guppies to belugas

Airbus’ production centers are scattered all over the continent, a legacy of its origins as a pan-European consortium.

Each factory specializes in the completion of a specific section of an aircraft.

The five Belugas, all operated by Airbus, link these plants and take the different aircraft sections to the final assembly line, either in Toulouse or Hamburg.

Until the mid-1990s, Airbus used another funny-looking aircraft to perform its big transporting jobs – the “Super Guppy,” a derivative of the Boeing C-97, a military cargo version of the 1940s Boeing 377 Stratocruiser.

The Super Guppy was already outdated by the time Airbus started using it.

Worse was the fact that Airbus was relying on a couple of old aircraft from its chief rival, Boeing, to handle the bulk of its logistics chain.

If it was to keep up with its frantic growth, Airbus concluded it needed something better.

The airframe chosen for the job was taken from the Airbus A300-600, an aircraft that already had a successful track record with airlines such as Lufthansa, Air France and American Airlines.

The Beluga is operated by a crew of three: two pilots and a loadmaster.
The Beluga is operated by a crew of three: two pilots and a loadmaster.
Miquel Ros/CNN

Each of the five Belugas in operation are, actually, Airbus A300-600 jets that have been modified to carry large cargo.

The top section of the aircraft was cut and an additional, wider fuselage section – resembling a bubble – was added to the airframe, giving it its characteristic hump.

The cockpit was lowered, making it possible for the cargo hold to be loaded and unloaded through the front of the aircraft.

The result is an incredibly spacious cargo hold.

Although the Beluga’s maximum payload of 47 tons is surpassed by a handful of other cargo aircraft, its voluminous hold makes it suitable for transporting oversized, but not particularly heavy, cargo. Like aircraft parts.

The Beluga can carry the wings of an A340 airliner or a fuselage section for Airbus’ newest wide-body aircraft, the A350.

But it’s not large enough to transport many A380 super jumbo parts.

Those need to travel by boat, barge and road.

Belugas have occasionally been chartered to fly satellites, helicopters and even works of art.

Delacroix’s “Liberty Leading the People” flew from Paris to Tokyo on a Beluga – the canvas wouldn’t fit into any other plane.

MORE: Superjumbo on the streets of tiny French village

The Beluga transported this container holding a five-meter-high Egyptian statue from Berlin to Paris.
The Beluga transported this container holding a five-meter-high Egyptian statue from Berlin to Paris.
JOHN MACDOUGALL/AFP/Getty Images

Coming up: Beluga XL

With the Beluga hitting two decades of indefatigable service, it’s starting to show its age and limitations.

Since the Beluga’s maiden flight on September 13, 1994, Airbus has multiplied aircraft deliveries by nearly five.

The company has become more global, diversifying its supplier base and opening assembly plants in China and Alabama – well outside the Beluga’s relatively short range of 1,500 nautical miles with maximum payload.

In order to cope with the increasing workload, Airbus has put in place the so-called “Fly 10,000” program.

The program aims to optimize the company’s logistics infrastructure by increasing the work performed by its transport fleet to 10,000 hours per year by 2017.

The plan includes the Beluga.

Airbus says the Beluga’s flight hours per aircraft have doubled since it first went into service and will do so again by 2017, from 5,000 to 10,000 flight hours, due to the production start of the A350 XWB in 2012 and the production ramp-up on other Airbus programs.

With aircraft order books at a historic maximum, however, Airbus can’t afford to bet its vital logistics operation chain on the readiness of five aging aircraft.

Though no decisions have been made, Airbus is reportedly looking at potential replacement solutions.

Tentatively called Beluga XL, the Beluga’s replacement is likely to be based on the A330 airframe.

It’s expected to have a longer range and be able to carry a heavier payload, while still being able to land at airports with relatively short runways, such as the one in Broughton, Wales, where Airbus makes wings for its airliners.

The next generation Beluga should also make it possible for Airbus to double its number of cargo flights to 120 per week.

What seems assured is that the Beluga XL is going to look similar to the current version, something plane spotters passing through Toulouse should appreciate.

MORE: Boeing through the ages: Planes that changed the way we travel

Originally published January 2014, updated September 17, 2014.

Miquel Ros is an aviation blogger. An economist by background, he’s worked for Flightglobal and Bloomberg. He currently covers the airline industry through Allplane.tv and other online media.