(CNN)Here's a look at NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), the United States government agency that conducts research into space.
There are 10 major NASA facilities, including the Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the Johnson Space Center in Houston.
Timeline
October 4, 1957 - The Soviets launch Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite.
October 1, 1958 - The official start of NASA.
October 7, 1958 - NASA announces Project Mercury. The Mercury project's objectives are to place a human spacecraft into orbital flight around Earth, observe human performance in such conditions and recover the human and the spacecraft safely.
April 9, 1959 - The Mercury Seven are introduced as the first US astronauts: Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper Jr., John H. Glenn Jr., Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, Walter M. Schirra Jr., Alan B. Shepard Jr. and Donald K. "Deke" Slayton.
May 5, 1961 - Freedom 7, the first piloted Mercury spacecraft carrying Astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr., is launched from Cape Canaveral. It is the first American space flight involving human beings.
February 20, 1962 - Glenn becomes the first American to circle the Earth, making three orbits in the Friendship 7 Mercury spacecraft.
March 23, 1965 - The first operational mission of Project Gemini takes place, under the command of Mercury astronaut Grissom.
June 3-7, 1965 - The second piloted Gemini mission, GT-4, stays aloft for four days. Astronaut Edward H. White II performs the first extra-vehicular activity (EVA) or spacewalk by an American.
January 27, 1967 - Apollo 1 catches fire during a dress rehearsal and the three astronauts aboard, Lt. Col. Grissom, Lt. Col. White and Roger B. Chaffee, are killed.
December 24, 1968 - Apollo 8 astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and Bill Anders become the first humans to orbit the moon.
July 16-24, 1969 - Apollo 11 goes to the moon. On July 20, 1969, the Lunar Module with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin Jr. lands on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins orbits overhead in the Apollo command module. Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the moon.
April 11-17, 1970 - During the flight of Apollo 13, an oxygen tank ruptures and damages several of the electrical and life support systems. The astronauts and NASA engineers on the ground find that the Lunar Module, a self-contained spacecraft unaffected by the accident, can be used as a "lifeboat" to provide austere life support for the return trip. The crew returns safely on April 17, 1970.
July 15-24, 1975 - The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project is the first human space flight mission managed jointly by two nations. It is designed to test the compatibility of rendezvous and docking systems for United States and Soviet spacecrafts in order to open the way for future joint flights.
April 12, 1981 - Astronauts John W. Young and Robert L. Crippen fly Space Shuttle Columbia on the first flight of the Space Transportation System (STS-1). Columbia becomes the first airplane-like craft to land from orbit for reuse.
June 18, 1983 - Astronauts Robert L. Crippen and Frederick H. Hauck pilot Space Shuttle Challenger (STS-7) on a mission to launch two communications satellites and the reusable Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS 01). Sally K. Ride, one of three mission specialists on the flight, becomes the first American woman astronaut.
January 28, 1986 - The Challenger explodes 73 seconds after launch as a result of a leak in one of the solid rocket boosters. All seven crew on board die: Commander Francis R. (Dick) Scobee, pilot Michael J. Smith, three mission specialists, Judith A. Resnik, Ronald E. McNair, Ellison S. Onizuka, payload specialist Gregory B. Jarvis and Sharon Christa McAuliffe, a teacher selected through the teacher in space program.
April 24-29, 1990 - During the flight of the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-31) the crew deploys the Hubble Space Telescope.
February 3-11, 1995 - Exactly one year after a major cooperative flight with the Russians in STS-60, NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery, this time STS-63, flies another historic mission featuring the flyby of the Russian Mir Space Station. It is also the first time that a woman pilot, Eileen M. Collins, commands the Space Shuttle.
July 4, 1997 - The Mars Pathfinder lands on Mars. Two days later, the Sojourner Rover rolls out of the Pathfinder and onto Mars's surface, where it soon begins transmitting pictures of Mars back to Earth.
November 2, 2000 - The first permanent crew, Expedition One, arrives at the International Space Station (ISS).
February 1, 2003 - The space shuttle Columbia on mission STS-107 disintegrates during reentry and all seven crew members on board are killed: Commander Rick Husband, pilot Willie McCool and mission specialists Kalpana Chawla, Laurel Clark, Mike Anderson, David Brown and Israeli payload specialist Ilan Ramon.
August 31, 2006 - NASA awards Lockheed Martin a contract to build a manned lunar spaceship called Orion.
December 4, 2006 - NASA announces plans for a permanent astronaut settlement on the moon's south pole by the mid 2020s.
September 2010 - Shuttle fleet, Atlantis, Discovery and Endeavour are set to be retired from service.
October 11, 2010 - President Barack Obama signs the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010 bill, which includes funds for commercial space programs, authorization for a heavy lift launch vehicle and approval of an additional shuttle launch before the fleet retires.
December 2, 2010 - NASA scientists announce the discovery of an arsenic-eating bacteria found in California's Mono Lake, expanding the traditional notions of sustainable life.
August 5, 2011 - Mission Juno, an unmanned spacecraft, launches. The arrival in Jupiter's atmosphere is scheduled for August 2016 and the mission's end is to be October 2017. Investigations into the formation and evolution of the planet, its cloud cover, magnetic and gravitational fields will be performed in an effort to further understandings of the formation of Earth.
July 2, 2012 - NASA unveils Orion, the agency's newest manned spaceship. Orion's first mission with crew aboard is scheduled for 2021.
August 6, 2012 - The $2.6 billion rover, Curiosity, successfully lands on Mars.
September 12, 2013 - Scientists confirm that Voyager 1, launched in 1977, has crossed into interstellar space.
July 23, 2015 - NASA's Kepler spacecraft locates "Earth's bigger, older cousin." The planet Kepler-452b is about 1,400 light-years from Earth in the Cyngnus constellation.
July 4, 2016 - After an almost five-year journey, the Juno space probe successfully enters Jupiter's orbit.
July 12, 2017 - NASA releases photos of Jupiter, taken as Juno flies by the planet's Great Red Spot. The spot is actually a giant storm, with clouds that span 10,000 miles wide.
April 18, 2018 - The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, known as TESS, is launched from Cape Canaveral. The job of TESS is to find exoplanets that can be studied.
August 12, 2018 - The Parker Solar Probe launches. It is expected to orbit within 3.9 million miles of the sun by 2024.
July 2019 - NASA announces TESS has spotted a new exoplanet called GJ 357 d, located 31 light years away, that might be able to support life.
May 30, 2020 - SpaceX and NASA launch Falcon 9, carrying two astronauts into orbit, the first launch from US soil since 2011.
June 24, 2020 - NASA announces it is renaming its Washington, DC, headquarters after Mary W. Jackson, the agency's first Black female engineer who helped inspire the story behind the book and film "Hidden Figures."
July 30, 2020 - NASA launches the rover Perseverance from Cape Canaveral, Florida, for a February 2021 landing on Mars. The rover will search for evidence of ancient life and will bring samples of Martian rock back to Earth.
October 20, 2020 - After orbiting the near-Earth asteroid Bennu for nearly two years, NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft successfully touches down and reaches out its robotic arm to collect a sample from the asteroid's surface. That sample will be returned to Earth in 2023.
November 15, 2020 - A SpaceX spacecraft launches from Florida's Kennedy Space Center, marking the kickoff of what NASA hopes will be years of the company helping to keep the ISS fully staffed. This is a landmark mission for NASA and the company because it is the first fully operational crewed mission for SpaceX.
May 2, 2021 - The SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule returns from outer space and makes a parachute landing in the Gulf of Mexico, returning four astronauts from a record-setting mission to the ISS. The astronauts' safe return marks the end to NASA and SpaceX's landmark mission, dubbed Crew-1, which set a record as the longest time in space -- over 5 months -- by a crew that launched aboard an American-built spacecraft.
July 17, 2021 - NASA announces the Hubble Space Telescope is functioning again after more than a month offline as a result of a problem with the payload computer on board.
November 16, 2021 - Jessica Watkins will become the first Black woman on the International Space Station crew. According to NASA, she is set to launch into space in April 2022 on the SpaceX Crew-4 mission.
March 28, 2022 - The Biden administration's requested 2023 NASA budget of $26 billion is the largest request in the space agency's history. NASA Administrator Bill Nelson reports that it is 8% more than the appropriation bill from fiscal year 2022.
June 9, 2022 - NASA announces that it is putting a team together to study unidentified aerial phenomena (UAPs), popularly known as UFOs, from a security and safety perspective. The UAP study will begin in the fall and is expected to take nine months.
July 20, 2022 - NASA announces that sometime between late August and early September, the uncrewed Artemis I will launch on a mission that goes beyond the moon and returns to Earth. The Artemis program aims to return humans to the moon and land the first woman and first person of color on the lunar surface by 2025. After August 29 and September 3 launches are scrubbed, NASA stands down on an early September launch attempt and is reviewing options.
November 16, 2022 - Artemis I takes flight after months of anticipation. The 322-foot-tall Space Launch System, or SLS, rocket lifts off at 1:47 a.m. ET. Atop the rocket is the Orion spacecraft, that breaks away from the rocket after reaching space. After orbiting the moon, Orion will make its return trip, completing its journey in about 25 and a half days. On December 11, the Orion capsule splashes down at 12:40 p.m. ET in the Pacific Ocean off Mexico's Baja California.
April 3, 2023 - NASA announces the four astronauts who will helm the first crewed moon mission in five decades. The crew includes NASA's Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover and Christina Koch, and Jeremy Hansen of the Canadian Space Agency. Artemis II is set to take off in November 2024.
Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – NASA posted this snap of astronaut James H. Newman on November 20, 1998, to celebrate the 15th anniversary of the International Space Station.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – A #nofilter image of the surface of Mars, courtesy NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – Super Typhoon Haiyan lashing the Philippines, taken from NASA's Aqua satellite on November 7.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – There it goes! A still camera on a sound trigger captured this intriguing photo of an airborne frog in the foreground as NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer spacecraft lifts off toward the moon. This foreground photobomber stole the show, earning this snap almost 25,000 likes.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – This one went viral too: a new view of Saturn taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. It's a natural color image that shows the view as it would be seen by a human observer.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – A throwback to 2010 for the International Space Station's 15th anniversary: NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson looks down at Earth through a window on the ISS.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg takes a selfie with Russian cosmonaut Fyodor Yurchikhin and European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano behind her.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – From the Hubble telescope: the crowded center of the Milky Way, showing the constellation Sagittarius. Right in the center of the image is a supermassive black hole called Sagittarius A*, consuming clouds of dust as it affects its environment with its enormous gravitational pull.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – A historic image of Earth from the moon, taken on July 20, 1969, from Apollo 11.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – A view of spiral galaxy IC 2560 captured from the Hubble Space Telescope.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – To celebrate the launch of Mars probe MAVEN on November 18, NASA showed off this mosaic from the Viking 1 Orbiter, which passed by the planet over 30 years ago, on February 22, 1980.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – A Soyuz spacecraft carrying new International Space Station residents Oleg Kotov, Mike Hopkins and Sergey Ryazanskiy arrives at the space station in September.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – Earth on September 7, as seen by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites, which looks out for atmospheric "triggers" for severe weather conditions such as flash floods and hurricanes.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – Drifting away: three nanosatellites, known as Cubesats, are deployed from the ISS airlock.
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Photos: Photos from NASA's Instagram
Out-of-this-world NASA Instagram photos – Expedition 36 flight engineer Chris Cassidy of NASA is carried to the medical tent shortly after landing in Kazakhstan on September 11, having spent five and a half months on the International Space Station.
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